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Trepanation, the practice of drilling holes directly into the skull of a live person, is a medical technique that dates back thousands of years and was used in many prehistoric cultures all over the world. The procedure involved using a sharp tool, such as a stone or bone, to create a hole in the skull.

The reason behind the practice is not entirely clear, but it is thought that it was used as a treatment for head injuries and other neurological disorders. The belief was that creating a hole in the skull would allow built-up pressure in the brain to be released, thus reducing symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and confusion.